Types of identified policies: Vehicle charging scheme; Alternating vehicle restriction based on license plate number; Compulsory vehicle standards; Speed limit changes; Urban vehicles access regulations (UVARs) and Low Emissions Zones (LEZs).

What we know: Several policies targeting vehicular sources of emissions were identified in the review by Burns et al (2019), with implemented policies showed both beneficial and null effects. A mandatory standard for diesel vehicles in Tokyo (Japan) was associated with improvements in all-cause, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and an adaptive speed limit scheme in Barcelona (Spain), low emission zone in Munich (Germany) and an even-odd driving restriction policy in Beijing were associated with reductions in air pollution (decreased PM10 concentrations) (Burns et al., 2019). In contrast, implemented LEZs in Dutch cities ad congestion charging schemes in Milan (Italy) and London (UK) did no show clear reductions in pollution (no effect on PM10 levels) (Burns et al., 2019).

Examples of implementation: UVARs and LEZs have been a popular approach used by local authorities to try to reduce city centre pollution, with policies seen in European cities like London, Bristol, Paris and Monaco, Japanese cities like Nijmegen, Tokyo, Fukuoka and many more globally (Bertolini et al., 2024). The designs and impacts of these policies vary by context though (Burns et al., 2019).

Definition: Urban consolidation centres are facilities usually located outside of urban centres where various suppliers' freight can be consolidated and subsequently delivered into cities. Sometimes they are adapted to also have micro-depots or mobile access hubs and/or lockers (Bertolini et al., 2024).

Definition: Environmental assessment toolkits embed the evaluation of environmental impacts within planning and development processes.