Examples of implementation: The Paris (France) 'Strategy for Sustainable Food' (2018) was developed with four key themes and 40 proposed actions including the establishment of a metropolitan governance of food within Paris to coordinate the implementation of the Strategy as well as to establish a yearly 'Sustainable Food Day and Congress', which would bring together key stakeholders to promote local and regional action (Barbour et al., 2022, S6). The city of Chicago (USA), in its 'Recipe for Healthy Places' (2013) plan that outlined six strategies with activities linking health and environmental sustainability outcomes, sought to build healthier neighbourhoods through involving public health professionals in community planning efforts to avoid obesogenic decisions and incorporating Health Impact Assessments in planning and development projects to develop evidence-informed policy recommendations (Barbour et al., 2022, S6). Within the 'Urban Agriculture Promotion and Regulation Act' (2015) of Nairobi (Kenya), there were outlined actions including the monitoring of social, economic and environmental conditions as informed by research and best practice as well as embedding of urban agriculture within the planning process of land use, zoning, food policy, marketing and market infrastructure (Barbour et al., 2022, S6).

Definition: Transportation network companies (TNCs) are private companies that provide digital platforms for on-demand transportation services such as ridesourcing (e.g., Uber, Lyft).

What we know: In their review focused on the sustainability of ridesourcing in North American cities, McKane et al., (2023) described several examples of local level actions targeting TNCs including requiring them to pay congestion fees. This type of policy is an example of a fee-based 'polluter pays' approach, which requires companies that are responsible for pollution or other externalities and societal costs to pay financial fees to offset their harm. Evidence of efficacy was not reported on within the review.

Definition: Transportation network companies (TNCs) are private companies that provide digital platforms for on-demand transportation services such as ridesourcing (e.g., Uber, Lyft).

What we know: In their review focused on the sustainability of ridesourcing in North American cities, McKane et al., (2023) described several examples of local level actions targeting TNCs including limits on the number of permitted TNC vehicles. Evidence of efficacy was not reported on within the review.